LDF and Swiss-UK Tax Agreement
Antigua and Cook Islands Nauru Samoa
Barbuda Dominica Netherlands San Marino
Aruba Gibraltar Antilles Turks and
Bahamas Grenada Niue Caicos Islands
Bahrain Liberia Panama Vanuatu
Belize Liechtenstein St Kitts and Nevis
Bermuda Marshall Islands St Lucia
Other Financial Centres
Austria Brunei Guatemala Singapore
Belgium Chile Luxembourg Switzerland
Jurisdictions that have not committed to the internationally agreed tax standard
Costa Rica Malaysia (Labuan) Philippines Uruguay
Source: OECD, 2009 (1), p. 1.
The OECD lists have often been criticised and several commentators have mentioned countries which,
from their point of view, are overlooked. Large jurisdictions, in particular, such as the UK, Nether-
lands", Denmark and Israel have been mentioned along with others.'* Furthermore, particular regions
of countries are generally overlooked, such as Campione d'Italia or Delaware, Nevada and Wyoming
in the United States." By far the largest list is offered by the Tax Justice Network, which listed 74
jurisdictions or areas in 2005.??
1.2 Historical Development of Tax Cooperation
Over the last years, the European Union member states, especially Germany*'and France, as well as
the US, have increased the pressure on the banking secrecy of “tax havens”.* The process started in
April 2000 when the OECD presented their report on “Improving Access to Bank Information for Tax
Purposes" which demands access to bank information for tax purposes from all member states to en-
sure proper taxation of individuals. In the same year, the OECD published aforementioned list of un-
cooperative tax havens.? In the following years, the countries agreed to several provisions against an
" Dijk, Weyzig & Murphy, 2007, p. 61 & 62
5 Altshuler & Grubert, 2006, pp. 979- 992.
? Gnaedinger, 2009, p. 13.
? tax justice network, 2005, p. 36 & 37.
? Carlé, 2008, p. 125.
? Kazim, 2009.
? OECD, 2000, p. 3 & 4.
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