Volltext: Very small countries: economic success against all odds

makers, tax payers or financiers and beneficiaries of a public good are congruent. If the provision process of a public good or a juris- diction as a whole is organized according to the principle of institu- tional congruence, then it also complies with the criterion of fiscal equivalence, which postulates that in any regional or local unit of a country there should be equivalence between the tax payments of the inhabitants and the value of public goods and services provided (Olson, 1969; Blankart, 1998). The degree or extent of institutional congruence is a good indicator of institutional efficiency. If full congruence is achievable, problems associated with negative incen- tives can be avoided. It is, e.g., often argued, especially in federal countries, that the central government passes laws which impose implementation costs on regional governments. –Different institutional arrangements lead to different administrative and indirect costs in the production and provision process of public goods. Private production of public goods may be either less costly or more costly than public production, depending on the task. We do not assess these two additional criteria, because there is no appa- rent reason to believe that there is a systematic difference between VSC and larger countries with regard to them. Furthermore, one would re- quire a case study approach of single countries to be able to draw con- clusions from an analysis of those 
criteria. 4.2.2 Comparison of institutional or organizational forms The different institutional or organizational forms to produce and pro- vide public goods, which are compared in Table 4.2, are the VSC 
(under the assumption of self-production and -provision)and a foreign public agency (FPUBL) as producer and provider, which is equivalent to inter- national outsourcing. We apply the concepts of economies of scale and preference adequacy as laid out in Section 4.2.1.77In Section 4.3 we then compare the theoretical predictions, which follow from Table 4.2 below, with the public good provision in 21 selected 
VSC.83 
Very small countries and organizational choice: a normative theory 77See Gantner and Eibl (1999) for a similar approach.
	        

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